浅谈容器（三）—— Docker 使用
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Schrodingerscat
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浅谈容器
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303
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1483 字
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22 分钟

Docker 使用

访问镜像仓库

登录镜像仓库

[root@remote-host ~]# docker login quay.example.com
Username: admin
Password:

WARNING! Your credentials are stored unencrypted in '/root/.docker/config.json'.
Configure a credential helper to remove this warning. See
https://docs.docker.com/go/credential-store/

Login Succeeded

如果是商业的镜像仓库，比方说 Docker 官方的镜像仓库，登陆时不会出现证书问题，但如果是私有化部署的镜像仓库（比如 Quay 或者 Harbor），那么可能会出现 x509 证书问题，错误如下：

[root@remote-host ~]# docker login quay.example.com
Username: admin
Password:
Error response from daemon: Get "https://quay.example.com/v2/": tls: failed to verify certificate: x509: certificate signed by unknown authority

此时有两种方法：

  1. 手动让 Docker 信任私有仓库的 CA 证书；
  2. 跳过 TLS 验证。

这两种方法看后边。

信任自定义证书

假设 ca.pem 是自定义的 CA 证书，注意是 CA 证书，不是给私有仓库分发的服务端公钥和私钥。

[root@remote-host ~]# mkdir -p /etc/docker/certs.d/quay.example.com
[root@remote-host ~]# cp ca.pem /etc/docker/certs.d/quay.example.com/
[root@remote-host ~]# systemctl restart docker

[root@remote-host ~]# docker login quay.example.com
Username: admin
Password:

WARNING! Your credentials are stored unencrypted in '/root/.docker/config.json'.
Configure a credential helper to remove this warning. See
https://docs.docker.com/go/credential-store/

Login Succeeded

跳过 TLS 验证

修改配置文件 /etc/docker/daemon.json，添加 insecure-registries 配置：

[root@remote-host ~]# cat /etc/docker/daemon.json
{
    "insecure-registries": ["quay.example.com"],
    "live-restore": true,
    "runtimes": {
        "nvidia": {
            "args": [],
            "path": "nvidia-container-runtime"
        }
    }
}

[root@remote-host ~]# systemctl restart docker

[root@remote-host ~]# docker info
...output omitted...
 Insecure Registries:
  quay.example.com
  ::1/128
  127.0.0.0/8
...output omitted...

镜像管理

每个容器镜像的名称都由两部分组成：REPOSITORY 和 TAG，比如 docker.io/library/nginx:1.29.1。

  • REPOSITORY：就是 docker.io/library/nginx 表示镜像来自 docker.io/library/nginx，是一个 NGINX 镜像
  • TAG：就是 1.29.1，标识镜像版本。
[root@remote-host ~]# docker images
REPOSITORY                            TAG               IMAGE ID       CREATED         SIZE
nginx                                 1.29.1            ad5708199ec7   12 days ago     192MB
nginx                                 latest            ad5708199ec7   12 days ago     192MB

如果镜像来自 docker.io/library/，Docker 会自动补全这个仓库前缀，上边查看镜像时只写了 nginx，就是因为镜像来自 docker.io/library/。

如果镜像没有写 TAG，比如只写了 nginx，则 TAG 会自动补全为 latest。

拉取镜像

[root@remote-host ~]# docker pull busybox
Using default tag: latest
latest: Pulling from library/busybox
Digest: sha256:f9a104fddb33220ec80fc45a4e606c74aadf1ef7a3832eb0b05be9e90cd61f5f
Status: Image is up to date for busybox:latest
docker.io/library/busybox:latest

列出镜像

[root@remote-host ~]# docker images
REPOSITORY                 TAG        IMAGE ID       CREATED         SIZE
busybox                    latest     6d3e4188a38a   10 months ago   4.28MB

# 只列出镜像 ID
[root@remote-host ~]# docker images -q
6d3e4188a38a

-q 可以只输出镜像 ID，可以配合 docker rmi $(docker images -q) 批量删除镜像。

查看镜像信息

[root@remote-host ~]# docker inspect busybox
[
    {
        "Id": "sha256:6d3e4188a38af91b0c1577b9e88c53368926b2fe0e1fb985d6e8a70040520c4d",
        "RepoTags": [
            "busybox:latest"
        ],
        "RepoDigests": [],
        "Parent": "",
        "Comment": "",
        "Created": "2024-09-26T21:31:42Z",
        "DockerVersion": "",
        "Author": "",
        "Architecture": "amd64",
        "Os": "linux",
        "Size": 4277910,
        "GraphDriver": {
            "Data": {
                "MergedDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/004c9cec5c6baad88cdb3dd1cdd65f29343d81adb4ff5a088b47fc2d2436fa4f/merged",
                "UpperDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/004c9cec5c6baad88cdb3dd1cdd65f29343d81adb4ff5a088b47fc2d2436fa4f/diff",
                "WorkDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/004c9cec5c6baad88cdb3dd1cdd65f29343d81adb4ff5a088b47fc2d2436fa4f/work"
            },
            "Name": "overlay2"
        },
...output omitted...

# 也可以用镜像 ID 来查寻
[root@remote-host ~]# docker inspect 6d

镜像重命名

[root@remote-host ~]# docker tag busybox:latest quay.example.com/linux/busybox:v1

上传镜像到私有仓库

[root@remote-host ~]# docker push quay.example.com/linux/busybox:v1
The push refers to repository [quay.example.com/linux/busybox]
65014c70e84b: Pushed
v1: digest: sha256:ec06ff94ef8731492058cbe21bc15fb87ec0b98afc20961955200e7e70203c67 size: 527

删除镜像

[root@remote-host ~]# docker rmi quay.example.com/linux/busybox:v1
Untagged: quay.example.com/linux/busybox:v1
Untagged: quay.example.com/linux/busybox@sha256:ec06ff94ef8731492058cbe21bc15fb87ec0b98afc20961955200e7e70203c67

保存镜像为文件

[root@remote-host ~]# docker save busybox:latest -o busybox.tar.gz
[root@remote-host ~]# file busybox.tar.gz
busybox.tar.gz: POSIX tar archive

通过文件导入镜像

[root@remote-host ~]# docker load -i busybox.tar.gz
65014c70e84b: Loading layer [==================================================>]  4.516MB/4.516MB
Loaded image: busybox:latest

容器的生命周期管理

启动容器

# 前台启动容器
[root@remote-host ~]# docker run --rm -it --name busbox busybox:latest sleep 10

# 后台启动容器
[root@remote-host ~]# docker run --rm -itd --name busbox busybox:latest sh
240bad91a971165de40f69a1fbbf7f71cf4c68721035ec059b682221bba2e2f5

# 设置端口映射，宿主机 8080 映射容器 80
[root@remote-host ~]# docker run --rm -itd -p 8080:80 --name nginx nginx:latest
3b1928b6b02fb2ec1b6cf79fd78e2ddda88e848b891266ef3ed83c5c80e5b036

# 设置目录挂载，本地 /tmp/test 挂载到容器内的 /root/test
[root@remote-host ~]# docker run --rm -itd -v /tmp/test:/root/test --name nginx nginx:latest
43e812fc34775ccf58bfeb938af2f09d186fec88110cafadfc34336ef448c0ae

# 启动容器时设置 DNS
[root@remote-host ~]# docker run -it --dns 8.8.4.4 busybox:latest cat /etc/resolv.conf

# 启动容器时指定网络
[root@remote-host ~]# docker run -it --network test busybox:latest cat /etc/hosts

这里介绍一下部分选项：

选项 说明
-i 保持容器的 stdin 打开（允许输入）
-t 分配一个伪终端（TTY）使输出更“终端友好”
-d 在后台启动容器
--rm 容器停止后自动删除
-p 指定端口映射
-P 如果镜像有设置 EXPOSE，则用宿主机随机端口进行映射
-v 设置目录挂载
--network 指定 Docker 网络

-i 和 -t 一般是组合使用的，加 -it 和不加 -it 的区别就是看执行的命令是否是可交互的。如果命令是非交互式的，加不加区别不大，如果是交互式的，就得加 -it 了。

如果后台启动容器的话一般是 -itd，这样表示容器后台启动，并给容器分配伪终端，不加 -it 的话容器会因为没有终端而自动退出。

--rm 的作用是如果容器停止的话自动删除容器，这样就不需要每次手动清理不需要的容器了。

EXPOSE 参考后续的容器镜像构建章节。

列出容器

# 查看正在运行的容器
[root@remote-host ~]# docker ps
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE            COMMAND   CREATED          STATUS          PORTS     NAMES
240bad91a971   busybox:latest   "sh"      16 seconds ago   Up 16 seconds             busbox

# 查看全部容器
[root@remote-host ~]# docker ps -a
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE            COMMAND     CREATED              STATUS                      PORTS     NAMES
a54fbad90959   busybox:latest   "sleep 5"   55 seconds ago       Exited (0) 48 seconds ago             busbox1
240bad91a971   busybox:latest   "sh"        About a minute ago   Up About a minute                     busbox

# 只列出镜像 ID
[root@remote-host ~]# docker ps -q
a54fbad90959
240bad91a971

docker ps 命令支持以不同的格式输出，也支持过滤。

以 JSON 格式输出：

[root@remote-host ~]# docker ps --format json
{"Command":"\"sh\"","CreatedAt":"2025-08-02 19:47:55 +0800 CST","ID":"240bad91a971","Image":"busybox:latest","Labels":"","LocalVolumes":"0","Mounts":"","Names":"busbox","Networks":"bridge","Platform":null,"Ports":"","RunningFor":"5 minutes ago","Size":"0B","State":"running","Status":"Up 5 minutes"}

通过 docker ps --filter 可以进行过滤，一下是可选的过滤项（AI 查的，没有全部测试）：

选项名称 含义
id 按容器 ID 过滤（支持前缀匹配）
name 按容器名称过滤（支持部分匹配）
label 按标签过滤，例如 label=env=prod 或 label=env
status 按状态过滤，如 created、running、paused、restarting、exited、dead
ancestor 按镜像过滤，可以是镜像名、标签或 ID，例如 ancestor=nginx:latest
before 过滤在某容器之前创建的容器（基于容器 ID 或名称）
since 过滤在某容器之后创建的容器（基于容器 ID 或名称）
volume 挂载了特定卷的容器，例如 volume=mydata
network 连接了特定网络的容器，例如 network=frontend
is-task 是否是 swarm task（true/false）
health 按健康状态过滤（starting、healthy、unhealthy、none）
publish / expose 按暴露端口过滤，例如 publish=80（注意：不支持协议） 
[root@remote-host ~]# docker ps --filter status=exit
Error response from daemon: invalid filter 'status=exit': invalid value for state (exit): must be one of created, running, paused, restarting, removing, exited, dead
[root@remote-host ~]# docker ps --filter status=exited
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE            COMMAND     CREATED         STATUS                     PORTS     NAMES
a54fbad90959   busybox:latest   "sleep 5"   6 minutes ago   Exited (0) 6 minutes ago             busbox1

查询容器详细信息

[root@remote-host ~]# docker ps
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE            COMMAND      CREATED          STATUS          PORTS     NAMES
67df52d693f6   busybox:latest   "sleep 60"   21 seconds ago   Up 20 seconds             busybox

# 通过容器 ID 查询
[root@remote-host ~]# docker inspect 67d
[
    {
        "Id": "67df52d693f6913b6d2faa51f0819ef53fd865176e576289c4c5cbad93adf460",
        "Created": "2025-08-02T14:56:19.677355266Z",
        "Path": "sleep",
        "Args": [
            "60"
        ],
        "State": {
            "Status": "running",
            "Running": true,
            "Paused": false,
            "Restarting": false,
            "OOMKilled": false,
            "Dead": false,
            "Pid": 93201,
            "ExitCode": 0,
            "Error": "",
            "StartedAt": "2025-08-02T14:56:19.772096349Z",
            "FinishedAt": "0001-01-01T00:00:00Z"
        },
        "Image": "sha256:6d3e4188a38af91b0c1577b9e88c53368926b2fe0e1fb985d6e8a70040520c4d",
        "ResolvConfPath": "/var/lib/docker/containers/67df52d693f6913b6d2faa51f0819ef53fd865176e576289c4c5cbad93adf460/resolv.conf",
        "HostnamePath": "/var/lib/docker/containers/67df52d693f6913b6d2faa51f0819ef53fd865176e576289c4c5cbad93adf460/hostname",
        "HostsPath": "/var/lib/docker/containers/67df52d693f6913b6d2faa51f0819ef53fd865176e576289c4c5cbad93adf460/hosts",
        "LogPath": "/var/lib/docker/containers/67df52d693f6913b6d2faa51f0819ef53fd865176e576289c4c5cbad93adf460/67df52d693f6913b6d2faa51f0819ef53fd865176e576289c4c5cbad93adf460-json.log",
        "Name": "/busybox",
...output omitted...

# 通过容器名查询
[root@remote-host ~]# docker inspect busybox

查看端口映射

[root@remote-host ~]# docker port nginx
80/tcp -> 0.0.0.0:8080
80/tcp -> [::]:8080
443/tcp -> 0.0.0.0:8443
443/tcp -> [::]:8443

停止和删除容器

# 查看容器
[root@remote-host ~]# docker ps -a
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE            COMMAND     CREATED              STATUS                      PORTS     NAMES
a54fbad90959   busybox:latest   "sleep 5"   55 seconds ago       Exited (0) 48 seconds ago             busbox1
240bad91a971   busybox:latest   "sh"        About a minute ago   Up About a minute                     busbox

# 停止容器
[root@remote-host ~]# docker stop busbox

# 删除容器
[root@remote-host ~]# docker rm a54
a54

# 强制删除容器
[root@remote-host ~]# docker rm -f busbox

指定容器的时候既可以通过 docker ps 中的 NAME 指定容器，也可以通过 CONTAINER ID，使用 CONTAINER ID 时，可以只写几个字符串。

docker rm -f 可以强制删除，正常是先停止在删除，强制可以跳过停止直接删除。

访问容器

[root@remote-host ~]# docker exec -it nginx id
uid=0(root) gid=0(root) groups=0(root)
[root@remote-host ~]# docker exec -it nginx bash
root@1f773824f719:/#
选项 说明
-i 保持容器的 stdin 打开（允许输入）
-t 分配一个伪终端（TTY）使输出更“终端友好”

查看容器日志

[root@remote-host ~]# docker logs nginx
/docker-entrypoint.sh: /docker-entrypoint.d/ is not empty, will attempt to perform configuration
/docker-entrypoint.sh: Looking for shell scripts in /docker-entrypoint.d/
/docker-entrypoint.sh: Launching /docker-entrypoint.d/10-listen-on-ipv6-by-default.sh
10-listen-on-ipv6-by-default.sh: info: Getting the checksum of /etc/nginx/conf.d/default.conf
10-listen-on-ipv6-by-default.sh: info: Enabled listen on IPv6 in /etc/nginx/conf.d/default.conf
/docker-entrypoint.sh: Sourcing /docker-entrypoint.d/15-local-resolvers.envsh
/docker-entrypoint.sh: Launching /docker-entrypoint.d/20-envsubst-on-templates.sh
/docker-entrypoint.sh: Launching /docker-entrypoint.d/30-tune-worker-processes.sh
/docker-entrypoint.sh: Configuration complete; ready for start up
2025/08/29 16:30:23 [notice] 1#1: using the "epoll" event method
2025/08/29 16:30:23 [notice] 1#1: nginx/1.29.1
2025/08/29 16:30:23 [notice] 1#1: built by gcc 12.2.0 (Debian 12.2.0-14+deb12u1)
2025/08/29 16:30:23 [notice] 1#1: OS: Linux 4.18.0-553.69.1.el8_10.x86_64
2025/08/29 16:30:23 [notice] 1#1: getrlimit(RLIMIT_NOFILE): 1048576:1048576
2025/08/29 16:30:23 [notice] 1#1: start worker processes
2025/08/29 16:30:23 [notice] 1#1: start worker process 29

网络管理

创建网络

[root@remote-host ~]# docker network create test
9e75af7c76cd05ff0dddeced30848e4ce88eb177a2883b5d50b379a89fbe31b1

更多的查看 docker network --help。

列出网络

[root@remote-host ~]# docker network ls
NETWORK ID     NAME      DRIVER    SCOPE
6ab8c74fbe28   bridge    bridge    local
835180b30026   host      host      local
1ba79e362f0d   none      null      local

查看网络信息

[root@remote-host ~]# docker network inspect bridge
[
    {
        "Name": "bridge",
        "Id": "6ab8c74fbe2895558d46b6780b6d40e2d27316e5f1d90b9022be727a2831df60",
        "Created": "2025-08-29T20:20:42.119748409+08:00",
        "Scope": "local",
        "Driver": "bridge",
        "EnableIPv4": true,
        "EnableIPv6": false,
        "IPAM": {
            "Driver": "default",
            "Options": null,
            "Config": [
                {
                    "Subnet": "172.17.0.0/16",
                    "Gateway": "172.17.0.1"
                }
            ]
        },
        "Internal": false,
        "Attachable": false,
        "Ingress": false,
        "ConfigFrom": {
            "Network": ""
        },
        "ConfigOnly": false,
        "Containers": {},
        "Options": {
            "com.docker.network.bridge.default_bridge": "true",
            "com.docker.network.bridge.enable_icc": "true",
            "com.docker.network.bridge.enable_ip_masquerade": "true",
            "com.docker.network.bridge.host_binding_ipv4": "0.0.0.0",
            "com.docker.network.bridge.name": "docker0",
            "com.docker.network.driver.mtu": "1500"
        },
        "Labels": {}
    }
]

资源清理

# 查看空间占用
[root@remote-host ~]# docker system df -v
Images space usage:

REPOSITORY                                    TAG               IMAGE ID       CREATED          SIZE      SHARED SIZE   UNIQUE SIZE   CONTAINERS
multi-stage                                   v2                bad736cc7077   12 minutes ago   102MB     96.72MB       5.218MB       0
multi-stage                                   v1                45d335032e4c   4 hours ago      102MB     96.72MB       5.218MB       2
registry.access.redhat.com/ubi8/ubi-init      8.10-1756225952   1ebfadf27f58   3 days ago       218MB     198MB         19.53MB       0
registry.access.redhat.com/ubi8/ubi-minimal   8.10-1756195339   086c268d530f   4 days ago       96.7MB    96.72MB       0B            0
registry.access.redhat.com/ubi8/ubi           8.10-1756195303   0ce92d409ef0   4 days ago       198MB     198MB         0B            0
registry.access.redhat.com/ubi8/ubi-micro     8.10-1756195190   cc53cf9d10a2   4 days ago       25.2MB    0B            25.19MB       0

Containers space usage:

CONTAINER ID   IMAGE            COMMAND                  LOCAL VOLUMES   SIZE      CREATED          STATUS          NAMES
1baac3fe1b9b   multi-stage:v1   "/usr/local/nginx/sb…"   1               2B        15 minutes ago   Up 15 minutes   test
34f6b42322c4   multi-stage:v1   "/usr/local/nginx/sb…"   1               88B       4 hours ago      Up 4 hours      nginx

Local Volumes space usage:

VOLUME NAME                                                        LINKS     SIZE
60da63ed72e90e15f9bd012ea1975b18ba043e47765ea019c6dc5048e9b6ce7f   1         510B
2a9cfee796c4ac1c1eba81053c0d329c1d8e4ba6277523fb5d5c1ffc995f89de   0         510B
8f6fe9f6b0238213815c2089b13e62e56f0b2c6ea52aa79607d6755468b6697f   0         510B
65b81e78b9b9e5e663e98049086ee83a929a535b00e8e70d77db87972a67baab   0         510B
af05a58ef56b0164716ce4350b1e07fea4f93b9b92e9d25a39dafb2cb829eb34   1         510B

Build cache usage: 1.285MB

CACHE ID        CACHE TYPE   SIZE      CREATED          LAST USED   USAGE     SHARED
2spqa4lh2m3g*   regular      1.28MB    30 seconds ago               0         false
c0obdc51rbrk*   regular      1.08kB    35 seconds ago               0         false
qdghyq1dg8tw*   regular      0B        30 seconds ago               0         true
x396lkq7ko15*   regular      0B        30 seconds ago               0         false

# 删除已停止的容器
[root@remote-host ~]# docker rm `docker ps -aq --filter 'STATUS=exited'`
6695898a2608
c362c17ffca6
#还有另一种写法
[root@remote-host ~]# docker container prune -f
Deleted Containers:
7cd69a2c47b418557e0def81c758b65a0d060cc734a87ea72293ae24fabae9b1
cc73c66e3895c1499237bcf3cf61f01f73af408bb7bf21aaf37f4ea4be97a1cb

Total reclaimed space: 28.58MB

# 清理 72 小时前未被引用的构建缓存
[root@remote-host ~]# docker builder prune --filter "until=72h" -f
ID                                              RECLAIMABLE     SIZE            LAST ACCESSED
ballh55h0d9ak7yqa1yf6pn63*                      true            0B              7 minutes ago
rkze2zvufrz0itzinfjdasqzo*                      true    1.083kB         7 minutes ago
nssejn2xgdzvjyuj4gm7aktty*                      true    254.3MB         7 minutes ago
rlnkd152duw44w2hmu26f6db3*                      true    1.284MB         7 minutes ago
r66796hjzserrwuf5rdxc744b                       true    20B             7 minutes ago
q0peardgxw6fg9mabv87xuy42                       true    7.577MB         7 minutes ago
6cyckanymixm9dxqqioww48v7                       true    0B              7 minutes ago
Total:  263.1MB

# 清理 72 小时前的全部构建缓存
[root@remote-host ~]# docker builder prune --all --filter "until=72h" -f
ID                                              RECLAIMABLE     SIZE            LAST ACCESSED
4auxy0fms2nxbmhjh3a0335or*                      true            0B              28 seconds ago
35z9pd2w9s7a2i410yx401qpu*                      true    1.083kB         28 seconds ago
m1ari646hm0bdtfcvfbxhu8l4                       true    5.218MB         28 seconds ago
wv8w51wi12kia1xbaj7zn3nh4*                      true    1.284MB         28 seconds ago
k4sd7f93fh9d3mpucbirrzsih                       true    0B              9 minutes ago
Total:  6.504MB

# 清理悬空/无标签镜像 <none>（不含所有未使用镜像）
[root@remote-host ~]# docker image prune -f
Deleted Images:
deleted: sha256:bad736cc70770ac37a5192e2f45c841e90d567abca1047e19047db090e839f9c
deleted: sha256:5b208024157f6e1c920d121c2f6ed57037a108cac550f5efcd1591c28e8dcb71

Total reclaimed space: 5.218MB
浅谈容器（三）—— Docker 使用
https://www.linuxstudynotes.com/2026/03/25/containerd/%e6%b5%85%e8%b0%88%e5%ae%b9%e5%99%a8/%e6%b5%85%e8%b0%88%e5%ae%b9%e5%99%a8%ef%bc%88%e4%b8%89%ef%bc%89-docker-%e4%bd%bf%e7%94%a8/
浅谈容器
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